NIH scientists discover essential step in recharging the retina

According to investigators, the discovery may provide a better understanding of RPE65’s function and will drive potential treatments for vision disorders linked to RPE65 gene mutations.

Investigators have uncovered a mechanism by which an area of a protein shape-shifts to convert vitamin A into a form usable by the eye’s light-sensing photoreceptor cells.

According to a news release from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a previously uncharacterized area of the protein known as RPE65 spontaneously turns spiral-shaped when it encounters intracellular membranes, or thin structures that surround different parts of a cell.

The NIH noted in the release that this shapeshifting enables RPE65 to enter the endoplasmic reticulum – a network of sac-like structures and tubes – where RPE65 performs the crucial task of vitamin A conversion.

Investigators indicate that the discovery may provide a better understanding of RPE65’s function and will drive potential treatments for vision disorders linked to RPE65 gene mutations. Researchers at the National Eye Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health, conducted the research, which published in Life Science Alliance.¹

The NIH release noted that vision occurs when light hits photoreceptor pigments called opsins, triggering a series of chemical reactions that generate signals to the brain. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a support tissue next to the photoreceptors, recharges opsins to restore their sensitivity to light. In a process known as the visual cycle, RPE65 is essential to convert the spent vitamin A derivative all-trans retinol, back into photosensitive 11-cis retinal. Mutations in the RPE65 gene are associated with early-onset severe blinding disorders.

According to the NEI investigators, interaction of RPE65 with the RPE cell’s endoplasmic reticulum is essential to making 11-cis retinal, but the mechanism by which RPE65 binds to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane was until now a mystery.

The NIH release noted that T. Michael Redmond, PhD, and scientists in NEI’s Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, show in a new study¹ how RPE65 accesses the RPE cells’ endoplasmic reticulum membrane, where the conversion process involving RPE65 takes place.

According to Sheetal Uppal, PhD, a research fellow at NEI and the study’s first author, ethods such as crystallography, which investigators use to visualize the atoms of a protein in crystal form, failed to give us a complete picture of RPE’s structure with this crucial region missing.

“We had to think of a new strategy to characterize this aspect of RPE65’s structure, so we turned to biochemistry,” Uppal added.

Moreover, the NEI investigators found that in aqueous solution, a specific region of RPE65 lacks structure, but when it encounters membranes, it spontaneously forms an amphipathic alpha-helix – a special sort of spiral shape in proteins. This change enables RPE65 it to bind to the RPE cells’ endoplasmic reticulum membrane where 11-cis retinal is produced from all-trans retinol.

The investigators also found that when a single specific amino acid within the previously uncharacterized region of RPE65 was modified by a specific lipid, it greatly expedited the formation of the alpha-helix, “locking” it into place, and facilitating its insertion into the cell membrane. This was something never seen before in a protein, Uppal explained.

According to the NIH release, computer modeling of the molecular dynamic simulations was supportive of the team’s results.

“Our findings solve a longstanding puzzle in RPE65’s structure, clarifying its function, while expanding our knowledge of membrane-binding in a way that we hope will inform disease models in more accurate ways,” investigators concluded.

References

1 Sheetal Uppal, Tingting Liu, Emily Galvan, Fatima Gomez, Tishina Tittley, Eugenia Poliakov, Susan Gentleman, and T. Michael Redmond. An Inducible Amphipathic α-Helix Mediates Subcellular Targeting and Membrane Binding of RPE65.DOI: 10.26508/Isa.202201546